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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human–computer interaction</span></span>

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<p><b>Human–computer interaction</b> (<b>HCI</b>) is the process through which people operate and engage with <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> systems. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Research in HCI covers the design and the use of computer technology, which focuses on the interfaces between people (users) and computers. HCI researchers observe the ways humans interact with computers and design technologies that allow humans to interact with computers in novel ways.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include visual, auditory, and tactile (haptic) feedback systems, which serve as channels for interaction in both traditional interfaces and mobile computing contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

A device that allows interaction between human being and a computer is known as a "<b>human–computer interface</b>".

</p><p>As a field of research, human–computer interaction is situated at the intersection of <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">behavioral sciences</a>, <a href="Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="Media_studies" title="Media studies">media studies</a>, and several other fields of study. The term was popularized by Stuart K. Card, Allen Newell, and <a href="Thomas_P._Moran" title="Thomas P. Moran">Thomas P. Moran</a> in their 1983 book, <i>The Psychology of Human–Computer Interaction.</i> The first known use was in 1975 by Carlisle.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluating_the_impact_of_office_automation_on_top_management_communication_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluating_the_impact_of_office_automation_on_top_management_communication-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is intended to convey that, unlike other tools with specific and limited uses, computers have many uses which often involve an open-ended dialogue between the user and the computer. The notion of dialogue likens human–computer interaction to human-to-human interaction: an analogy that is crucial to theoretical considerations in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2></div>

<p>Humans interact with computers in many ways, and the interface between the two is crucial to facilitating this interaction. HCI is also sometimes termed <i>human–machine interaction</i> (HMI), <i>man-machine interaction</i> (MMI) or <i>computer-human interaction</i> (CHI). Desktop applications, web browsers, handheld computers, and computer kiosks make use of the prevalent <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> (GUI) of today.<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_SIGCHI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM_SIGCHI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice user interfaces</a> (VUIs) are used for <a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> and synthesizing systems, and the emerging <a href="Multimodal_interaction" title="Multimodal interaction">multi-modal</a> and Graphical user interfaces (GUI) allow humans to engage with <a href="Embodied_agent" title="Embodied agent">embodied character agents</a> in a way that cannot be achieved with other interface paradigms.

</p><p>The <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) defines human–computer interaction as "a discipline that is concerned with the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them".<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_SIGCHI_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM_SIGCHI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key aspect of HCI is user satisfaction, also referred to as End-User Computing Satisfaction. It goes on to say:

</p><p>"Because human–computer interaction studies a human and a machine in communication, it draws from supporting knowledge on both the machine and the human side. On the machine side, techniques in <a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, and development environments are relevant. On the human side, <a href="Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">communication theory</a>, <a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic</a> and <a href="Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a> disciplines, <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, <a href="Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, <a href="Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, and <a href="Human_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors">human factors</a> such as <a href="Computer_user_satisfaction" title="Computer user satisfaction">computer user satisfaction</a> are relevant. And, of course, engineering and design methods are relevant."<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_SIGCHI_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM_SIGCHI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HCI ensures that humans can safely and efficiently interact with complex technologies in fields like aviation and healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Due to the multidisciplinary nature of HCI, people with different backgrounds contribute to its success.

</p><p>Poorly designed <a href="Human-machine_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-machine interface">human-machine interfaces</a> can lead to many unexpected problems. A classic example is the <a href="Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a>, a nuclear meltdown accident, where investigations concluded that the design of the human-machine interface was at least partly responsible for the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Cognitive_Ergonomics?_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_Cognitive_Ergonomics?-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRC:_Backgrounder_on_the_Three_Mile_Island_Accident_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC:_Backgrounder_on_the_Three_Mile_Island_Accident-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-three_mile_island_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three_mile_island-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, some accidents in aviation have resulted from manufacturers' decisions to use non-standard <a href="Flight_instruments#Layout" title="Flight instruments">flight instruments</a> or throttle quadrant layouts: even though the new designs were proposed to be superior in basic human-machine interaction, pilots had already ingrained the "standard" layout. Thus, the conceptually good idea had unintended results.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human–computer_interface">Human–computer interface</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></div>

<p>A human–computer interface can be described as the interface of communication between a human user and a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flow of information between the human and computer is defined as the <i>loop of interaction</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loop of interaction has several aspects to it, including:

</p>

<ul><li><b>Visual based</b>: The visual-based human–computer interaction is probably the most widespread human–computer interaction (HCI) research area.</li>

<li><b>Audio-based</b>: The audio-based interaction between a computer and a human is another important area of HCI systems. This area deals with information acquired by different audio signals.</li>

<li><i><b>Feedback</b></i>: Loops through the interface that evaluate, moderate, and confirm processes as they pass from the human through the interface to the computer and back.</li>

<li><i><b>Fit</b></i>: This matches the computer design, the user, and the task to optimize the human resources needed to accomplish the task.

<ul><li><b>Visual-based HCI</b> –

<ol><li>Facial expression analysis: This area focuses on visually recognizing and analyzing emotions through facial expressions.</li>

<li>Body movement tracking (large-scale): Researchers in this area concentrate on tracking and analyzing large-scale body movements.</li>

<li>Gesture recognition: Gesture recognition involves identifying and interpreting gestures made by users, often used for direct interaction with computers in command and action scenarios.</li>

<li>Gaze detection (eye-movement tracking): Gaze detection involves tracking the movement of a user's eyes and is primarily used to better understand the user's attention, intent, or focus in context-sensitive situations. <br>While the specific goals of each area vary based on applications, they collectively contribute to enhancing human-computer interaction. Notably, visual approaches have been explored as alternatives or aids to other types of interactions, such as audio- and sensor-based methods. For example, lip reading or lip movement tracking has proven influential in correcting speech recognition errors.</li></ol></li>

<li><b>Audio-based HCI</b> – Audio-based interaction in human-computer interaction (HCI) is a crucial field focused on processing information acquired through various audio signals. While the nature of audio signals may be less diverse compared to visual signals, the information they provide can be highly reliable, valuable, and sometimes uniquely informative. The research areas within this domain include:

<ol><li>Speech recognition: This area centers on the recognition and interpretation of spoken language.</li>

<li>Speaker recognition: Researchers in this area concentrate on identifying and distinguishing different speakers.</li>

<li>Auditory emotion analysis: Efforts have been made to incorporate human emotions into intelligent human-computer interaction by analyzing emotional cues in audio signals.</li>

<li>Human-made noise/sign detections: This involves recognizing typical human auditory signs like sighs, gasps, laughs, cries, etc., which contribute to emotion analysis and the design of more intelligent HCI systems.</li>

<li>Musical interaction: A relatively new area in HCI, it involves generating and interacting with music, with applications in the art industry. This field is studied in both audio- and visual-based HCI systems.</li></ol></li>

<li><b>Sensor-based HCI</b> – This section encompasses a diverse range of areas with broad applications, all of which involve the use of physical sensors to facilitate interaction between users and machines. These sensors can range from basic to highly sophisticated. The specific areas include:

<ol><li>Pen-based interaction: Particularly relevant in mobile devices, focusing on pen gestures and handwriting recognition.</li>

<li>Mouse & keyboard: Well-established input devices discussed in Section 3.1, commonly used in computing.</li>

<li>Joysticks: Another established input device for interactive control, commonly used in gaming and simulations.</li>

<li>Motion-tracking sensors and digitizers: Cutting-edge technology that has revolutionized industries like film, animation, art, and gaming. These sensors, in forms like wearable cloth or joint sensors, enable more immersive interactions between computers and reality.</li>

<li>Haptic sensors: Particularly significant in applications related to robotics and virtual reality, providing feedback based on touch. They play a crucial role in enhancing sensitivity and awareness in humanoid robots, as well as in medical surgery applications.</li>

<li>Pressure sensors: Also important in robotics, virtual reality, and medical applications, providing information based on pressure exerted on a surface.</li>

<li>Taste/smell sensors: Although less popular compared to other areas, research has been conducted in the field of sensors for taste and smell. These sensors vary in their level of maturity, with some being well-established and others representing cutting-edge technologies.</li></ol></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals_for_computers">Goals for computers</h2></div>

<p>Human–computer interaction involves the ways in which humans make—or do not make—use of computational artifacts, systems, and infrastructures. Much of the research in this field seeks to <i>improve</i> the human–computer interaction by improving the <i>usability</i> of computer interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Grudin1992usability_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grudin1992usability-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How usability is to be precisely understood, how it relates to other social and cultural values, and when it is, and when it may not be a desirable property of computer interfaces is increasingly debated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Much of the research in the field of human–computer interaction takes an interest in:

</p>

<ul><li>Methods for designing new computer interfaces, thereby optimizing a design for a desired property such as learnability, findability, the efficiency of use.</li>

<li>Methods for implementing interfaces, e.g., by means of <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">software libraries</a>.</li>

<li>Methods for evaluating and comparing interfaces with respect to their usability and other desirable properties.</li>

<li>Methods for studying human–computer use and its sociocultural implications more broadly.</li>

<li>Methods for determining whether or not the user is human or computer.</li>

<li>Models and theories of human–computer use as well as conceptual frameworks for the design of computer interfaces, such as <a href="Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">cognitivist</a> user models, <a href="Activity_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Theory">Activity Theory</a>, or <a href="Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">ethnomethodological</a> accounts of human–computer use.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Perspectives that critically reflect upon the values that underlie computational design, computer use, and HCI research practice.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Visions of what researchers in the field seek to achieve might vary. When pursuing a cognitivist perspective, researchers of HCI may seek to align computer interfaces with the mental model that humans have of their activities. When pursuing a <a href="Post-cognitivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-cognitivist">post-cognitivist</a> perspective, researchers of HCI may seek to align computer interfaces with existing social practices or existing sociocultural values.

</p><p>Researchers in HCI are interested in developing design methodologies, experimenting with devices, prototyping software, and hardware systems, exploring interaction paradigms, and developing models and theories of interaction.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles">Principles</h3></div>

<p>The following experimental design principles are considered, when evaluating a current <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>, or designing a new user interface:

</p>

<ul><li>Early focus is placed on the user(s) and task(s): How many users are needed to perform the task(s) is established and who the appropriate users should be is determined (someone who has never used the interface, and will not use the interface in the future, is most likely not a valid user). In addition, the task(s) the users will be performing and how often the task(s) need to be performed is defined.</li>

<li><a href="Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">Empirical</a> measurement: the interface is tested with real users who come in contact with the interface daily. The results can vary with the performance level of the user and the typical human–computer interaction may not always be represented. Quantitative <a href="Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> specifics, such as the number of users performing the task(s), the time to complete the task(s), and the number of errors made during the task(s) are determined.</li>

<li><a href="Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative design</a>: After determining what users, tasks, and empirical measurements to include, the following iterative design steps are performed:

<ol><li>Design the user interface</li>

<li>Analyze results</li>

<li>Repeat</li></ol></li></ul>

<p>The iterative design process is repeated until a sensible, user-friendly interface is created.<sup id="cite_ref-engineering_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engineering-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodologies">Methodologies</h3></div>

<p>Various strategies delineating methods for human–PC <a href="Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">interaction design</a> have developed since the conception of the field during the 1980s. Most plan philosophies come from a model for how clients, originators, and specialized frameworks interface. Early techniques treated clients' psychological procedures as unsurprising and quantifiable and urged plan specialists to look at subjective science to establish zones, (for example, memory and consideration) when structuring UIs. Present-day models, in general, center around a steady input and discussion between clients, creators, and specialists and push for specialized frameworks to be folded with the sorts of encounters clients need to have, as opposed to wrapping <a href="User_experience" title="User experience">user experience</a> around a finished framework.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Activity_theory" title="Activity theory">Activity theory</a>: utilized in HCI to characterize and consider the setting where human cooperations with PCs occur. Action hypothesis gives a structure for reasoning about activities in these specific circumstances and illuminates the <a href="Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">design of interactions</a> from an action-driven perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-interaction-design_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interaction-design-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered design</a> (UCD): a cutting-edge, broadly-rehearsed plan theory established on the possibility that clients must become the overwhelming focus in the plan of any PC framework. Clients, architects, and specialized experts cooperate to determine the requirements and restrictions of the client and make a framework to support these components. Frequently, client-focused plans are informed by <a href="Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> investigations of situations in which clients will associate with the framework. This training is like <a href="Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">participatory design</a>, which underscores the likelihood for end-clients to contribute effectively through shared plan sessions and workshops.</li>

<li><a href="Principles_of_user_interface_design" title="Principles of user interface design">Principles of UI design</a>: these standards may be considered during the <a href="User_interface_design" title="User interface design">design of a client interface</a>: resistance, effortlessness, permeability, affordance, consistency, structure, and feedback.<sup id="cite_ref-mit_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive design</a> (VSD): a technique for building innovation that accounts for the individuals who utilize the design straightforwardly, and just as well for those who the design influences, either directly or indirectly. VSD utilizes an iterative planning process that includes three kinds of examinations: theoretical, exact, and specialized. Applied examinations target the understanding and articulation of the different parts of the design, and its qualities or any clashes that may emerge for the users of the design. Exact examinations are subjective or quantitative plans to explore things used to advise the creators' understanding regarding the clients' qualities, needs, and practices. Specialized examinations can include either investigation of how individuals use related advances or the framework plans.<sup id="cite_ref-value_sensitive_design_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-value_sensitive_design-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_research">Current research</h2></div>

<p>Topics in human–computer interaction include the following<b>:</b>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human–AI_Interaction">Human–AI Interaction</h3></div>

<p>Human-AI Interaction explores how users engage with artificial intelligence systems, particularly focusing on usability, trust, and interpretability. The research mainly aims to design AI-driven interfaces that are transparent, explainable, and ethically responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-shneiderman2022_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shneiderman2022-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies highlight the importance of explainable AI (XAI) and human-in-the-loop decision-making, ensuring that AI outputs are understandable and trustworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-doshi2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doshi2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers also develop design guidelines for human-AI interaction, improving the collaboration between users and AI systems.<sup id="cite_ref-amershi2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amershi2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augmented_reality_(AR)">Augmented reality (AR)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></div>

<p>Augmented reality (AR) integrates digital content with the real world. It enhances human perception and interaction with physical environments. AR research mainly focuses on adaptive user interfaces, multimodal input techniques, and real-world object interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-azuma1997_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azuma1997-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advances in wearable AR technology improve usability, enabling more natural interaction with AR applications.<sup id="cite_ref-billinghurst2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billinghurst2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_reality_(VR)">Virtual reality (VR)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></div>

<p>Virtual reality (VR) creates a fully immersive digital environment, allowing users to interact with computer-generated worlds through sensory input devices. Research focuses on user presence, interaction techniques, and cognitive effects of immersion.<sup id="cite_ref-slater2009_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slater2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key area of study is the impact of VR on cognitive load and user adaptability, influencing how users process information in virtual spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-cummings2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cummings2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_reality_(MR)">Mixed reality (MR)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mixed_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></div>

<p>Mixed reality (MR) blends elements of both augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). It enables real-time interaction with both physical and digital objects. HCI research in MR concentrates on spatial computing, real-world object interaction, and context-aware adaptive interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MR technologies are increasingly applied in education, training simulations, and healthcare, enhancing learning outcomes and user engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-speiginer2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speiginer2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_reality_(XR)">Extended reality (XR)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality</a></div>

<p>Extended reality (XR) is an umbrella term encompassing AR, VR, and MR, offering a continuum between real and virtual environments. Research investigates user adaptability, interaction paradigms, and ethical implications of immersive technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-milgram1994_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milgram1994-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies highlight how AI-driven personalization and adaptive interfaces improve the usability of XR applications.<sup id="cite_ref-buhalis2022_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buhalis2022-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Accessibility</a></div>

<p>Accessibility in human–computer interaction (HCI) focuses on designing inclusive digital experiences, ensuring usability for people with diverse abilities. Research in this area is related to assistive technologies, adaptive interfaces, and universal design principles.<sup id="cite_ref-lazar2017_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lazar2017-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies indicate that accessible design benefits not only people with disabilities but also enhances usability for all users.<sup id="cite_ref-shinohara2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shinohara2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_computing">Social computing</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></div>

<p>Social computing is an interactive and collaborative behavior considered between technology and people. In recent years, there has been an explosion of social science research focusing on interactions as the unit of analysis, as there are a lot of social computing technologies that include blogs, emails, social networking, quick messaging, and various others. Much of this research draws from psychology, social psychology, and sociology. For example, one study found out that people expected a computer with a man's name to cost more than a machine with a woman's name.<sup id="cite_ref-posard2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posard2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other research finds that individuals perceive their interactions with computers more negatively than humans, despite behaving the same way towards these machines.<sup id="cite_ref-posardrinderknecht2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posardrinderknecht2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge-driven_human–computer_interaction">Knowledge-driven human–computer interaction</h3></div>

<p>In human and computer interactions, a semantic gap usually exists between human and computer's understandings towards mutual behaviors. <a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a>, as a formal representation of domain-specific knowledge, can be used to address this problem by solving the semantic ambiguities between the two parties.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotions_and_human–computer_interaction">Emotions and human–computer interaction</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">Affective computing</a> and <a href="Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></div>

<p>In the interaction of humans and computers, research has studied how computers can detect, process, and react to human emotions to develop emotionally intelligent information systems. Researchers have suggested several 'affect-detection channels'. The potential of telling human emotions in an automated and digital fashion lies in improvements to the effectiveness of human–computer interaction. The influence of emotions in human–computer interaction has been studied in fields such as financial decision-making using <a href="Ecg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecg">ECG</a> and organizational knowledge sharing using <a href="Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye-tracking</a> and face readers as affect-detection channels. In these fields, it has been shown that affect-detection channels have the potential to <a href="Emotion_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotion detection">detect human emotions</a> and those information systems can incorporate the data obtained from affect-detection channels to improve decision models.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain–computer_interfaces">Brain–computer interfaces</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></div>

<p>A <a href="Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interface</a> (BCI), is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired <a href="Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and an external device. BCI differs from <a href="Neuromodulation_(medicine)" title="Neuromodulation (medicine)">neuromodulation</a> in that it allows for bidirectional information flow. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Krucoff_584_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krucoff_584-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_interactions">Security interactions</h3></div>

<p>Security interactions are the study of interaction between humans and computers specifically as it pertains to <a href="Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a>. Its aim, in plain terms, is to improve the <a href="Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> of security features in <a href="End_user" title="End user">end user</a> applications.

</p><p>Unlike HCI, which has roots in the early days of <a href="Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> during the 1970s, HCISec is a nascent field of study by comparison. Interest in this topic tracks with that of <a href="Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a>, which has become an area of broad public concern only in very recent years.

</p><p>When security features exhibit poor usability, the following are common reasons:

</p>

<ul><li>they were added in casual afterthought</li>

<li>they were hastily patched in to address newly discovered <a href="Security_bug" title="Security bug">security bugs</a></li>

<li>they address very complex <a href="Use_case" title="Use case">use cases</a> without the benefit of a <a href="Wizard_(software)" title="Wizard (software)">software wizard</a></li>

<li>their interface designers lacked understanding of related security concepts</li>

<li>their interface designers were not usability experts (often meaning they were the application developers themselves)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist_HCI">Feminist HCI</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">Feminist HCI</a></div>

<p>Feminist HCI is a subfield of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) that examines the interaction between people and technology through the lens of <a href="Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist</a> and <a href="Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theories</a>. This particular research topic consists of many sub-disciplines that examine the role of power, <a href="Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">privilege</a>, and other systems of <a href="Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> in the <a href="Design" title="Design">design</a> and interaction of technology.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_of_change">Factors of change</h2></div>

<p>Traditionally, computer use was modeled as a human–computer dyad in which the two were connected by a narrow explicit communication channel, such as text-based terminals. Much work has been done to make the interaction between a computing system and a human more reflective of the multidimensional nature of everyday communication. Because of potential issues, human–computer interaction shifted focus beyond the interface to respond to observations as articulated by <a href="Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a>: "If ease of use were the only valid criterion, people would stick to tricycles and never try bicycles."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>How humans interact with computers continues to evolve rapidly. Human–computer interaction is affected by developments in computing. These forces include:

</p>

<ul><li>Decreasing hardware costs leading to larger memory and faster systems</li>

<li>Miniaturization of hardware leading to portability</li>

<li>Reduction in power requirements leading to portability</li>

<li>New display technologies leading to the packaging of computational devices in new forms</li>

<li>Specialized hardware leading to new functions</li>

<li>Increased development of network communication and distributed computing</li>

<li>Increasingly widespread use of computers, especially by people who are outside of the computing profession</li>

<li>Increasing innovation in input techniques (e.g., voice, <a href="Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">gesture</a>, pen), combined with lowering cost, leading to rapid computerization by people formerly left out of the <i>computer revolution</i>.</li>

<li>Wider social concerns leading to improved access to computers by currently disadvantaged groups</li></ul>

<p>As of 2010 the future for HCI is expected<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to include the following characteristics:

</p>

<ul><li><i><a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a> and communication</i>. Computers are expected to communicate through high-speed local networks, nationally over wide-area networks, and portably via infrared, ultrasonic, cellular, and other technologies. Data and computational services will be portably accessible from many if not most locations to which a user travels.</li>

<li><i>High-functionality systems</i>. Systems can have large numbers of functions associated with them. There are so many systems that most users, technical or non-technical, do not have time to learn about traditionally (e.g., through thick user manuals).</li>

<li><i>The mass availability of computer graphics</i>. Computer graphics capabilities such as image processing, graphics transformations, rendering, and interactive animation become widespread as inexpensive chips become available for inclusion in general workstations and mobile devices.</li>

<li><i>Mixed media</i>. Commercial systems can handle images, voice, sounds, video, text, formatted data. These are exchangeable over communication links among users. The separate consumer electronics fields (e.g., stereo sets, DVD players, televisions) and computers are beginning to merge. Computer and print fields are expected to cross-assimilate.</li>

<li><i>High-<a href="Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> interaction</i>. The rate at which humans and machines interact is expected to increase substantially due to the changes in speed, computer graphics, new media, and new input/output devices. This can lead to qualitatively different interfaces, such as <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> or computational video.</li>

<li><i>Large and thin <a href="Displays" class="mw-redirect" title="Displays">displays</a></i>. New display technologies are maturing, enabling huge displays and displays that are thin, lightweight, and low in power use. This has large effects on portability and will likely enable developing paper-like, pen-based computer interaction systems very different in feel from present desktop workstations.</li>

<li><i>Information utilities</i>. Public information utilities (such as home banking and shopping) and specialized industry services (e.g., weather for pilots) are expected to proliferate. The proliferation rate can accelerate with the introduction of high-bandwidth interaction and the improvement in the quality of interfaces.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_conferences">Scientific conferences</h2></div>

<p>One of the main conferences for new research in human–computer interaction is the annually held <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>'s (ACM) <i><a href="Conference_on_Human_Factors_in_Computing_Systems" title="Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems">Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems</a></i>, usually referred to by its short name CHI (pronounced <i>kai</i>, or <i>Khai</i>). CHI is organized by ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (<a href="SIGCHI" title="SIGCHI">SIGCHI</a>). CHI is a large conference, with thousands of attendants, and is quite broad in scope. It is attended by academics, practitioners, and industry people, with company sponsors such as Google, Microsoft, and PayPal.

</p><p>There are also dozens of other smaller, regional, or specialized HCI-related conferences held around the world each year, including:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li>ACEICFAASRS: ACE – International Conference on Future Applications of AI, Sensors, and Robotics in Society</li>

<li>ASSETS: ACM International Conference on Computers and <a href="Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>

<li>CSCW: ACM conference on <a href="Computer_Supported_Cooperative_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Supported Cooperative Work">Computer Supported Cooperative Work</a></li>

<li>CUI: ACM conference on <a href="Conversational_user_interface" title="Conversational user interface">Conversational User Interfaces</a></li>

<li>DIS: ACM conference on Designing Interactive Systems</li>

<li>ECSCW: European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work</li>

<li>GROUP: ACM conference on supporting <a href="Group_work" title="Group work">group work</a></li>

<li>HRI: ACM/IEEE International Conference on <a href="Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">Human–robot interaction</a></li>

<li>HCII: Human–Computer Interaction International</li>

<li>ICMI: International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces</li>

<li>ITS: ACM conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces</li>

<li><a href="MobileHCI" title="MobileHCI">MobileHCI</a>: International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services</li>

<li>NIME: International Conference on <a href="New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a></li>

<li>OzCHI: Australian Conference on Human–Computer Interaction</li>

<li>TEI: International Conference on <a href="Tangible" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangible">Tangible</a>, Embedded and Embodied Interaction</li>

<li>Ubicomp: International Conference on <a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li>

<li>UIST: <a href="ACM_Symposium_on_User_Interface_Software_and_Technology" title="ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology">ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology</a></li>

<li>i-USEr: International Conference on User Science and Engineering</li>

<li>INTERACT: IFIP TC13 Conference on Human–Computer Interaction</li>

<li>IHCI: International Conference on Intelligent Human–Computer Interaction</li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Live_Art" title="Digital Live Art">Digital Live Art</a></li>

<li><a href="Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">Text-based user interface</a></li>

<li><a href="HCI_Bibliography" title="HCI Bibliography">HCI Bibliography</a>, a web-based project to provide a bibliography of Human Computer Interaction literature</li>

<li><a href="Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li>

<li><a href="Mindfulness_and_technology" title="Mindfulness and technology">Mindfulness and technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Outline of human–computer interaction">Outline of human–computer interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li>

<li><a href="User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_City_Interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human City Interaction">Human City Interaction</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-posard2014-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-posard2014_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPosard2014" class="citation journal cs1">Posard, Marek (2014). "Status processes in human–computer interactions: Does gender matter?". <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>37</b> (37): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>195. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2014.04.025">10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.025</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-posardrinderknecht2015-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-posardrinderknecht2015_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPosardRinderknecht2015" class="citation journal cs1">Posard, Marek; Rinderknecht, R. Gordon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2015.04.057">"Do people like working with computers more than human beings?"</a>. <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>51</b>: <span class="nowrap">232–</span>238. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2015.04.057">10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.057</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDongHussainElizabeth2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dong, Hai; Hussain, Farookh; Elizabeth, Chang (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220301904">"A human-centered semantic service platform for the digital ecosystems environment"</a>. <i>World Wide Web</i>. <b>13</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>103. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11280-009-0081-5">10.1007/s11280-009-0081-5</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937%2F29660">20.500.11937/29660</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10746264">10746264</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Krucoff_584-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krucoff_584_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrucoffRahimpourSlutzkyEdgerton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Krucoff, Max O.; Rahimpour, Shervin; Slutzky, Marc W.; Edgerton, V. Reggie; Turner, Dennis A. (2016-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5186786">"Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroscience</i>. <b>10</b>: 584. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2016.00584">10.3389/fnins.2016.00584</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5186786">5186786</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28082858">28082858</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Gerhard (1 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011145532042">"User Modeling in Human–Computer Interaction"</a>. <i>User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction</i>. <b>11</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>86. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011145532042">10.1023/A:1011145532042</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SINHA, Gaurav; SHAHI, Rahul; SHANKAR, Mani. Human–Computer Interaction. In: Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET), 2010 3rd International Conference on. IEEE, 2010. p. 1–4.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.confsearch.org/confsearch/faces/pages/topic.jsp?topic=hci&sortMode=1&graphicView=true">"Conference Search: hci"</a>. <i>www.confsearch.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820005758/http://www.confsearch.org/confsearch/faces/pages/topic.jsp?topic=hci&sortMode=1&graphicView=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Academic overviews of the field</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Julie A. Jacko (Ed.). (2012). Human–Computer Interaction Handbook (3rd Edition). CRC Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-4398-2943-8</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Sears" title="Andrew Sears">Andrew Sears</a> and Julie A. Jacko (Eds.). (2007). Human–Computer Interaction Handbook (2nd Edition). CRC Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8058-5870-9</bdi></li>

<li>Julie A. Jacko and Andrew Sears (Eds.). (2003). Human–Computer Interaction Handbook. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8058-4468-6</bdi></li>

<li>Dix, A. (2004). Human–computer interaction (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-1304-6109-1</bdi></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Historically important classic</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Stuart_K._Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart K. Card">Stuart K. Card</a>, <a href="Thomas_P._Moran" title="Thomas P. Moran">Thomas P. Moran</a>, <a href="Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a> (1983): <i>The Psychology of Human–Computer Interaction</i>. Erlbaum, Hillsdale 1983 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-89859-243-7</bdi></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Overviews of history of the field</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Jonathan_Grudin" title="Jonathan Grudin">Jonathan Grudin</a>: <i>A moving target: The evolution of human–computer interaction.</i> In <a href="Andrew_Sears" title="Andrew Sears">Andrew Sears</a> and Julie A. Jacko (Eds.). (2007). Human–Computer Interaction Handbook (2nd Edition). CRC Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8058-5870-9</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMyers1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Brad_A._Myers" title="Brad A. Myers">Myers, Brad</a> (1998). "A brief history of human–computer interaction technology". <i>Interactions</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>54. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.23.2422">10.1.1.23.2422</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F274430.274436">10.1145/274430.274436</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8278771">8278771</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="John_M._Carroll_(information_scientist)" title="John M. Carroll (information scientist)">John M. Carroll</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/human_computer_interaction_hci.html">Human–Computer Interaction: History and Status.</a> Encyclopedia Entry at Interaction-Design.org</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2010" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, John M. (2010). "Conceptualizing a possible discipline of human–computer interaction". <i>Interacting with Computers</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>12. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intcom.2009.11.008">10.1016/j.intcom.2009.11.008</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Sara Candeias, S. and A. Veiga <i>The dialogue between man and machine: the role of language theory and technology</i>, Sandra M. Aluísio & Stella E. O. Tagnin, New Language Technologies, and Linguistic Research, A Two-Way Road: cap. 11. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4438-5377-4</bdi>)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>Social science and HCI</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFNassFoggMoon1996" class="citation journal cs1">Nass, Clifford; Fogg, B. J.; Moon, Youngme (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fijhc.1996.0073">"Can computers be teammates?"</a>. <i>International Journal of Human-Computer Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">669–</span>678. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fijhc.1996.0073">10.1006/ijhc.1996.0073</a></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNassMoon2000" class="citation journal cs1">Nass, Clifford; Moon, Youngme (2000). "Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers". <i>Journal of Social Issues</i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>103. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0022-4537.00153">10.1111/0022-4537.00153</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15851410">15851410</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPosard2014" class="citation journal cs1">Posard, Marek N (2014). "Status processes in human–computer interactions: Does gender matter?". <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>37</b>: <span class="nowrap">189–</span>195. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2014.04.025">10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.025</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPosardRinderknecht2015" class="citation journal cs1">Posard, Marek N.; Rinderknecht, R. Gordon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2015.04.057">"Do people like working with computers more than human beings?"</a>. <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>51</b>: <span class="nowrap">232–</span>238. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2015.04.057">10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.057</a></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Academic journals</dt></dl>

<ul><li><i><a href="ACM_Transactions_on_Computer-Human_Interaction" title="ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction">ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction</a></i></li>

<li><i>Behaviour & Information Technology</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.informaworld.com/bit">[1]</a></li>

<li><i>Interacting with Computers</i></li>

<li><i>International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction</i></li>

<li><i>International Journal of Human-Computer Studies</i></li>

<li><i>Human–Computer Interaction</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hci-journal.com/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/07370024.asp">[3]</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Collection of papers</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Ronald_Baecker" title="Ronald Baecker">Ronald M. Baecker</a>, <a href="Jonathan_Grudin" title="Jonathan Grudin">Jonathan Grudin</a>, William A. S. Buxton, Saul Greenberg (Eds.) (1995): <i>Readings in human–computer interaction. Toward the Year 2000</i>. 2. ed. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco 1995 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55860-246-1</bdi></li>

<li>Mithun Ahamed, Developing a Message Interface Architecture for Android Operating Systems, (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1067/622">[4]</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Treatments by one or few authors, often aimed at a more general audience</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Jakob_Nielsen_(usability_consultant)" title="Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)">Jakob Nielsen</a>: <i>Usability Engineering</i>. Academic Press, Boston 1993 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-12-518405-0</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Norman">Donald A. Norman</a>: <i><a href="The_Psychology_of_Everyday_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="The Psychology of Everyday Things">The Psychology of Everyday Things</a></i>. Basic Books, New York 1988 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-465-06709-3</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Jef_Raskin" title="Jef Raskin">Jef Raskin</a>: <i><a href="The_Humane_Interface" title="The Humane Interface">The Humane Interface</a>. New directions for designing interactive systems</i>. Addison-Wesley, Boston 2000 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-37937-6</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Bruce_Tognazzini" title="Bruce Tognazzini">Bruce Tognazzini</a>: <i>Tog on Interface</i>. Addison-Wesley, Reading 1991 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-60842-1</bdi></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Textbooks</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Alan_Dix" title="Alan Dix">Alan Dix</a>, Janet Finlay, <a href="Gregory_Abowd" title="Gregory Abowd">Gregory Abowd</a>, and Russell Beale (2003): <i>Human–Computer Interaction</i>. 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hcibook.com/e3/">http://hcibook.com/e3/</a> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-046109-1</bdi></li>

<li>Yvonne Rogers, Helen Sharp & <a href="Jenny_Preece" title="Jenny Preece">Jenny Preece</a>: <i>Interaction Design: Beyond Human–Computer Interaction</i>, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2011 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-470-66576-9</bdi></li>

<li>Helen Sharp, Yvonne Rogers & <a href="Jenny_Preece" title="Jenny Preece">Jenny Preece</a>: <i>Interaction Design: Beyond Human–Computer Interaction</i>, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2007 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-470-01866-6</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Matt_Jones_(interaction_designer)" title="Matt Jones (interaction designer)">Matt Jones (interaction designer)</a> and Gary Marsden (2006). <i>Mobile Interaction Design</i>, <a href="John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a> Ltd.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Computer_science1050" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">Very-large-scale integration</a></li>

<li><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li>

<li><a href="Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption</a> (green computing)</li>

<li><a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber-physical_system" title="Cyber-physical system">Cyber-physical system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Network protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li>

<li><a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">Control variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li>

<li><a href="Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li>

<li><a href="Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_process_control" title="Industrial process control">Process control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li>

<li><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-centered_computing">Human–centered computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li>

<li><a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li>

<li>Differentiable computing</li>

<li><a href="Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> Glossaries</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychology1033" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Evolutionary_psychology1033" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="History of evolutionary psychology">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_foundations_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology">Theoretical foundations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">Cognitive revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene selection theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Criticism of evolutionary psychology">Criticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Evolutionary<br>processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Psychological_adaptation" title="Psychological adaptation">Adaptations</a></li>

<li><a href="Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamiltonian_spite" title="Hamiltonian spite">Hamiltonian spite</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans" title="Reciprocal altruism in humans">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">By-products</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li>

<li><a href="Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inclusive_fitness_in_humans" title="Inclusive fitness in humans">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inbreeding_avoidance" title="Inbreeding avoidance">Inbreeding avoidance</a></li>

<li><a href="Kin_recognition" title="Kin recognition">Kin recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li>

<li><a href="Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology" title="Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology">Costly signaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Male_intrasexual_competition" title="Male intrasexual competition">Male</a>/<a href="Female_intrasexual_competition" title="Female intrasexual competition">female intrasexual competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Species-typical_behavior" title="Species-typical behavior">Species-typical behavior</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a> /<br><a href="Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a>

<ul><li><a href="Affect_display" title="Affect display">Display</a></li>

<li><a href="Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">Cognitive module</a>/<a href="Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">modularity of mind</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_unconscious" title="Adaptive unconscious">Adaptive unconscious</a>/<a href="Unconscious_cognition" title="Unconscious cognition">Unconscious cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_and_controlled_processes" title="Automatic and controlled processes">Automatic and controlled processes</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_specialization" title="Cognitive specialization">Cognitive specialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain-general_learning" title="Domain-general learning">Domain generality</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain_specificity" title="Domain specificity">Domain specificity</a>/<a href="Domain-specific_learning" title="Domain-specific learning">learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_process_theory" title="Dual process theory">Dual process theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_tradeoff_hypothesis" title="Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis">Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">Evolution of the brain</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">Evolution of nervous systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">Fight-or-flight response</a>

<ul><li><a href="Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">Arachnophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Fear_of_falling" title="Fear of falling">Basophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ophidiophobia" title="Ophidiophobia">Ophidiophobia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Folk_biology" title="Folk biology">Folk biology</a>/<a href="Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">taxonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">Folk psychology</a>/<a href="Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Wason_selection_task" title="Wason selection task">Wason selection task</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a>/<a href="Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">skill</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Multitasking</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_cognition" title="Numerical cognition">Numerical cognition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Number_sense" title="Number sense">Number sense</a></li>

<li><a href="Approximate_number_system" title="Approximate number system">Approximate number system</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_individuation_system" title="Parallel individuation system">Parallel individuation system</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Sleep</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Color vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Na%C3%AFve_physics" title="Naïve physics">Naïve physics</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Evolutionary_psychology_and_culture" title="Evolutionary psychology and culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Aesthetics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Literary criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Musicology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Anthropology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a>

<ul><li><a href="Moral_foundations_theory" title="Moral foundations theory">Moral foundations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Religion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Universals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li>

<li><a href="Affectional_bond" title="Affectional bond">Affectional</a>/<a href="Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">maternal</a>/<a href="Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">paternal bond</a></li>

<li><a href="Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">Caregiver deprivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Childhood attachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_educational_psychology" title="Evolutionary educational psychology">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Personality_development" title="Personality development">Personality development</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors</a> /<br><a href="Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression" title="Evolutionary approaches to depression">Depression</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li>

<li><a href="Accident-proneness" title="Accident-proneness">Hypophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Imprinted_brain_hypothesis" title="Imprinted brain hypothesis">Imprinted brain hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">Mind-blindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li>

<li><a href="Rank_theory_of_depression" title="Rank theory of depression">Rank theory of depression</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_schizophrenia" title="Evolution of schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li>

<li><a href="Societal_effects_of_cars" title="Societal effects of cars">Societal effects of cars</a>

<ul><li><a href="Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a></li>

<li><a href="Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis" title="Lead–crime hypothesis">Lead–crime hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sexology" title="Sexology">Sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Adult attachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Arousal</a></li>

<li><a href="Concealed_ovulation" title="Concealed ovulation">Concealed ovulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">Desire</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Fantasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Jealousy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mate_guarding_in_humans" title="Mate guarding in humans">Mate guarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Mating_preferences" title="Mating preferences">Mating preferences</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating strategies</a></li>

<li><a href="Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovulatory_shift_hypothesis" title="Ovulatory shift hypothesis">Ovulatory shift hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical</a>/<a href="Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a>/<a href="Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">male</a>/<a href="Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Autism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">Division of labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_emotional_intelligence" title="Sex differences in emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">Empathising–systemising theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_memory" title="Sex differences in memory">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">Mental health</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_narcissism" title="Sex differences in narcissism">Narcissism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_schizophrenia" title="Sex differences in schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Variability_hypothesis" title="Variability hypothesis">Variability hypothesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>/<a href="Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a>/<a href="Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">genetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective</a>/<a href="Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">behavioral</a>/<a href="Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive</a>/<a href="Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">evolutionary neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">Biolinguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_ethology" title="Cognitive ethology">Cognitive ethology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal</a>/<a href="Comparative_cognition" title="Comparative cognition">comparative cognition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_language" title="Animal language">Animal language</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal-made_art" title="Animal-made art">Animal-made art</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_bias_in_animals" title="Cognitive bias in animals">Cognitive bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion</a></li>

<li><a href="G_factor_in_non-humans" title="G factor in non-humans"><i>g</i> factor in non-humans</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Number_sense_in_animals" title="Number sense in animals">Number sense</a></li>

<li><a href="Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">Primate cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_mind_in_animals" title="Theory of mind in animals">Theory of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li>

<li><a href="Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Fisher's_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>/<a href="Acquired_characteristic" title="Acquired characteristic">acquired characteristics</a></li>

<li><a href="Population" title="Population">Population</a></li>

<li><a href="Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Species" title="Species">Species</a></li>

<li><a href="Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li>

<li><a href="Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cultural_selection_theory" title="Cultural selection theory">Cultural selection theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a>/<a href="Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">indeterminism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">Psychological nativism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_social_science_model" title="Standard social science model">Standard social science model</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Multilineal_evolution" title="Multilineal evolution">Multilineal evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoevolutionism" title="Neoevolutionism">Neoevolutionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">Unilineal evolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Evolutionary psychology</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3APsychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3AEvolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/963494">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125909-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Human-computer interaction"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88003229">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="interakce člověk-počítač"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121144&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007545940205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/5064ff99-cb31-49f6-883f-136dcea38fd8">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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